J&K Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 :-

Panchayati Raj in J&K is a symbol of democratic decentralization. It is system wherein , local-government functions for the development of people at local level & provides effective participation to the people.

The J&K PRA, 1989 was passed in March, 1989. In July, 1989, the Governor of the state(then)  gave his assent to the bill. This act implies the promotion of PR in J&K. It provides a three-tier model consisting of:-

SOURCE_ FROM INTERNET 

1.Halqa Panchayat (Village Level) 
2.Block Development Council (Block Level) 
3.District Planning & Development Board ( District Level)

Total Chapters= 15

Total sections = 58

Total schedules= 6  

Besides these , the act also provides a Panchayat Adalat for every Halqa(Village).

This act was amended in 2004,2011,2013 & 2018 

HALQA PANCHAYAT :- 

Chapters:- I - V 

Chapter 1- Important Definitions under section 2
              1-A Halqa Majlis( Gram Sabha) & Ward Majlis( Ward Sabha) 

Chapter 2- Provisions of Halqa Panchayat 

Chapter 3- Power & functions of Halqa Panchayat 

Chapter 4- Property of Halqa Panchayat 

Chapter 5- Conduct of Business 

CHAPTER 1-IMPORTANT DEFINITION IN ACT :-

Halqa- refers to area of village or villages that may be determined by government form time to time 

Halqa Panchayat- refers to HP constituted under section 4 of this act 

Panch - refers to member of HP -elected or nominated & belong to the area of village & must be rolled in electoral list.

Panchayati Adalat- means a adalat constituted under section 47 of this act for  the purpose of trail of suit & cases . Section 2(n).

Block- refers to area containing number of Halqa panchayats- Section 2(a) 

Block Development Council- refers to council constituted under section 27 of this act 

Chairman - means chairman of -Panchayat Adalat, BDC & DPDB 

Vice-Chairman- means Vice-chairman of BDC & DPDB 

DPDB- refers to Board constituted under section 45 of  this act, at district level that comprise of number of blocks. 

Ward Majlis & Halqa Majlis 

Chapter-1A deals with Ward majlis ( ward Sabha) & Halqa majlis( Gram sabha)

• Halqa Majlis  ( 3-C) (1) 

Every Halqa panchayat has Halqa Majlis -comprising of all the persons whose names are included in the electoral roll for such HP. 

There shall be at least two meeting of HM every year (3-C) (4) 

Functions of HM :- (3-D) 

• To Conduct social audit 
• To approve plans , programs & projects for social & economic development
• To plan & manage minor water bodies
• To exercise control over institution & functionaries in all social sector. 

Ward Majlis :-  

All adult persons whose names are included in the electoral roll constitute ward 

Functions of WM (3-B) 

hold -Three meeting per year 

• To promote harmony & unity , literacy , education , health , childcare, nutrition 
• To assist the activities of parent teacher -teacher associate
• To render assistance in the effective implementation of development scheme. 

some important sections related with HQ:-

• Section 4(3)- deals with membership. The total no. of members of HP is from 7-11-including sarpanch. 
• Section 5- Term of office of sarpanch= 5yr
• Section 6- Disqualification for membership-
• Section 7- Removal or resign of Sarpanch & Naib sarpanch from office
•  Section 11-Resignation of sarpanch ,Panch & Naib sarpanch 
• Section 13- Powers & functions of HP 
• Section 14- Funds of HP 
• Section 24(1)- One meeting of HP per year
• Section 25- Powers & functions of sarpanch & Naib Sarpanch 

BLOCK DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (BDC) 

• Chapter VI - IX

Chapter 6- Provisions of BDC
chapter 7-Powers & functions of BDC
chapter 8-Property & finance of BDC
Chapter 9- Conduct of business of BDC

• Sections:- related with BDC 
• Section 27:- deals with the constitution of BDC
• Section 27(3) - composition of BDC 
• Chairman & Vice Chairman> All sarpanch in block > 1/3 of reveseved seats for Sc/ST/Women-in case in not elected then 2 persons will be nominated by the prescribed authority then 
• Section 29- term of  office of Chairman of BDC= 5 yr
• Section 30- Powers & functions of BDC
• Section 31- Powers & functions of the chairman & vice-chairman of BDC 
• Section 34- Property & finance of BDC
• Section 35 -conduct of business of BDC 

ELECTIONS 

Chapter X- Inserted in 2011 by JKPRA, 2011 The act deals with elections & State election Commission 

• Section 36- -The state election commission is the election authority which has the responsibility of superintendence , direction & control of the preparation of electoral rolls for all general elections 
•  Section 36(A)- Tenure of office of SE commissioner =5yr or 65 years of age 
• Section 36(B)- removal of SEC 
• Section 36(D) - Powers & functions of SEC 

DISTRICT PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT BOARD (DPDB):-

Chapters 11- Constitution of DPDB 

Chapter 12- Powers , functions & finance of DPDB

SECTION Related with DPDB 

Section 45 - deals with constitution of DPDB 

Section 46- Powers & functions of DPDB 

Composition of DPDB:-

All chairman of DBC of District 

M.P & MLA of the Area

Chairman of town area committee of all district 

President of Municipal Corporation 

CHAPTER XIII_ Panchayat Adalat :-

Every HP has Panchayat Adalat-that consists of 5 members to be nominated by Government on recommendation of HP 

The age of members must be 30 yrs

The quorum which is required to conduct the a meeting is 3 members.

IMPORTANT SECTION 

• Section 48- Deals with composition of panchayat Adalat
• Section 56- deals with the criminal jurisdiction of panchayat Adalat. 

All decisions taken by Panchayat Adalat are null & void in front of Court. 

 AMENDMENT (s) :-

JKPRA,2004- amends reservation for SC/ST for HP. It includes 1/3 Panch seats for women candidates(including SCs & STs women seats) will be filled by the direct election. 

JKPRA, 2013 - amends section 28 of JKPRA-1989 -includes 1/3  women reservation of the total number of offices of chairman of BDC in every district  

Panchayat raj rules, 1996 -The section 80 of J&K PRA, 1989 made details of rule, powers & functions, finance & election for various local self government bodies. Now, it is divided into 11 chapters 

Introduction to Economics -Concept & Principles

Definition of Economics :- 

Adam Smith (father of Modern Economics ) was a Scottish philosopher, widely considered as the first modern economist. Smith defined economics as “an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.”

Lionel Robbins defined economics as. “the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses’’

Samuelson's Definition (Modern Definition of Economics) According to Samuelson, 'Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with the way society chooses to employ its resources, which have alternative uses, to produce goods and services for present and future consumption'.

A.J.Brown, Economy is a system by which people get a livelihood & satisfy their wants.’

CONCEPT OF ECONOMICS:-

Economics is a science as well as art. As science, the nature of economics can be studied with respect to following two concepts:-

1.    POSITIVE SCIENCE

2.    NORMATIVE SCIENCE

Positive Science	Normative science
·         It is confined to stating causes & effect relationship between two related variables ·         Based on data & facts ·         Descriptive ·         Describes economic issues ·         Statements can be tested Or proved	·         It is about viewpoint & decisions/opinions whether certain economic events are desirable or not ·         Based on opinions & values ·         Narrow ·         Provides solutions  based on value ·         Statements Can’t be tested
Asks - What are the causes of unemployment?	Asks – How can unemployment be reduced in the country?
Why prices are rising? Verifiable facts /figures	How can be prices be controlled? Was demonetization justified? What should be…. What ought to be … Facts not verified at all.

SUBJECT MATTERS OF ECONOMICS:-

Subject matter of economics is broadly divided into two categories:-

i) Microeconomics & ii) Macroeconomics

Microeconomics is the study of individuals and business decisions, while macroeconomics analyzes the decisions made by countries and governments. While these two branches of economics appear to be different, they are actually interdependent and complement one another. Many overlapping issues exist between the two fields.

Variables:-

Microeconomics	Macroeconomics
Individual markets	Whole economy(GDP)
Effect on price of a good	National income
Individual labour market	Inflation & deflation
Individual consumer behaviour	Employment /unemployment
Supply of good Also known as Price theory  Father :- Adam Smith	Aggregate demand & Supply; production & consumption Also known as Theory of income & employment.  Father:- JM Kenyes

Vital theories or principles of Economics :-

MICROECONOMICS

• Theory of Consumer behavoiur & producer behaviour 
• Theory of price 

MACROECONOMICS

• Theory of multiplier 
• Theory related to equilibrium level of output & employment
• Theory related to inflation & deflation  

The Principles of Economics:-   Greg Mankiw, in his popular textbook Principles of Economics, listed Ten Principles that supposedly represent the heart of economic wisdom today. Here they are:

1. People face trade-offs
2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it
3. Rational people think at the margin
4. People respond to incentives
5. Trade can make everyone better off
6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity
7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes
8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services
9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money
10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between Inflation and unemployment.

Types of Economy :-

• Capitalist Economy :- Where prices are determined by demand & supply. It is associated with the term ‘Laissez –faire’
• Mixed Economy:- Where public & private sector exists together in national economy
• Closed Economy:- Where a country having no imports & exports
• Socialist Economy or Planned Economy:- A socialist economy is a system of production where goods and services are produced directly for use
• Parallel Or Block Economy:- makes the monetary policies less effective
• Dual Economy:- is a mixture of traditional agriculture sector & modern industrial sector.

Facts about Indian ECONOMY_

·         The Indian Economy is characterized by predominance of agriculture, low per capita income & massive unemployment.

·         It is developing market economy. India has labour surplus economy

• GDP =  $ 3.202 trillion (nominal 2020 est.)- 5^th Rank
•         = $ 11.321 trillion (PPP, 2020 est.)- 3^rd Rank
• GDP PER CAPITA  =   $ 2,333(nominal , 2020 est)
•                                 = $ 9027(PPP, 2020 est.)
• GDP SECTOR WISE :- AGRI( 15.4%) , Industry ( 23%) , Services( 61.5%)   - est. 2017
• Ease of doing business rank = 63^rd ( 2020)
• Human Development Index= 129^th (2018)
• Per capita income :- 139^th rank by GDP(nominal ) & 118^th rank by GDP(PPP) in 2018 .
• GDP Growth rate :- 2014-2018= 6-7%

                                 :- 2019-20f = 4.2 %

Important Facts :-

·         Dadabhai Naoroji was the exponent of the theory of “ Economic Drain’ of India during British rule.In 1867 , he put forward the ‘ Drain of wealth ‘ . He mentioned the theory in his book “ Poverty & unBritish  rule in India’

·         Ch.Charan Singh – Wrote the famous book – Indian Economy : A Gandhian Blue print.

Economic Nightmare of India-its causes & cure

Co-operative farming X-rayed

·         Amartya Sen :- ( Ist Indian who won Nobel prize in 1988 for his contribution for welfare economics, awarded Bharat ratna  )

                   Wrote books  :- Idea of Justice  &    Development as freedom

·         Nobel prize in economics established in 1968 , Presented by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , Stockholm , Sweden

FIRST NOBEL price : 1969 Ragner Frisch(Norway) & Jan Tinbergan( Netherlands)

2019 Nobel prize - Michael Kremer(American)  , Abhijit Banerjee( Americian-indian origin)  & Esther Duflo (American )

2021 Nobel Prize :-

David Card

“for his empirical contributions to labour economics”

and the other half jointly to

Joshua D. Angrist & Guido W. Imbens

“for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships

JK HISTORY TEST LINK

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfsQac8NOveYXSFyMDrd_lZzukcO7f6yJ_aee_aXJ4HQUumKA/viewform?usp=pp_urlhttps://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfsQac8NOveYXSFyMDrd_lZzukcO7f6yJ_aee_aXJ4HQUumKA/viewform?usp=pp_url

MODERN HISTORY OF JK @JKSSB_JKUT

MODERN HISTORY OF J&K (1752-1947)

• AFGHAN/PATHAN RULE-1752-1819 AD 
• SIKH RULE                          1819-1846AD 
• DOGRA RULE                     1846-1947 AD

  

  Administrative -J&K -Now with UT J&K +UT Ladakh 

• EMERGENCE OF J&K STATE AS A  STATE OF INDIAN UNION

AFGHAN/PATHAN RULE-1752-1819AD:- 67 years of Darkest period 

• In 1752, Mir Muqim & Khwaja Zahir Dedmari- the two kashmiri nobleman   met Ahmad Shah Abdali Durrani of kabul (commander of Nadir Shah) , who was at Lahore.
• At their request , he sent army , headed by Abdullah Khan Ishaq Aqashi to Kashmir , with defeat of Mughals governor( -Abdul Qasim-15 days battle) , Afghan rule was established.Ist Governor was Abdullah khan for 6 months 
• In 1753 AD , Raja Jiwan Mal & Abdul Hassan Bandey with help from Delhi , declared themselves independent of Kabul & ruled from 1754-1762 AD 
• In 1762AD , Raja Jiwan mal was defeated by Durrani 
• In 1765 AD , Noor -ud-din Bamizai & Buland Khan were next governors. During the second tenure , Noor -ud-din faced a murder of Mir Muqim . He had to leave kabul to explain his position & let the charge with his nephew Jan Mohd. 
• In 1767AD, Mir muquim's son Faqirullah ruled for 11 months till 1768 AD 
• In 1768 AD , there was chaos in kashmir as no one was seemed to be incharge , Nur-ud-din Bamizai was sent for third till , he rued for next 2 years, till Khurram Khan was sent to replace him.
• In 1772 AD , Durani died , the uncertain dismissal made situation even worse as the subedars(amirs) ruthless looted people mercilessly. Thus later on , the Pathan rule came to end, it was known as the period of ruthless looting people & cruel rulers. Due to terror of Afghan rule , two Kashmiri, Pt. Birbal Dhar & Rajakak Dhar invited Maharaja Ranjit Singh to conquer Kashmir. The Maharaja ranjit Singh sent 30000 sikh soliders in 1819 AD to conquer Kashmir. 

SIKH RULE 1891-1846 AD 

• After defeat of Afghan , Sikh established their rule in Kashmir from 1819 to 1846 AD . The first governor was DIWAN MOTI RAM & last governor was Shiekh Imam-ud -din . 
• In 1839 AD , sudden dismissal of Ranjit singh weaken Sikh rule in Kashmir 
• in 1845-46- First Anglo-Sikh war further weakened position of Sikh rule, Lahore was captured by EIC & clearly the position of Kashmir was worsen.
•  Sikh Army chief Gulab Singh Dogra decided to annex Kashmir thus started a new rule in valley . 

DOGRA RULE :- 1846- 1947 

• Maharaja Gulab Singh 1846- 56  

• Maharaja Ranbir singh 1857-84

• Maharaja Partap singh 1885-1925

• Maharaja Hari Singh 1925-47 

Dogra rulers (1846-1947)	Administrative /Political reforms		Social & Educational reforms	Others
Gulab Singh 1846-57	·         First princely state J&K was created (2nd largest princely state in British India) ·         Treaty of Amritsar(16March1846-Red letter Day ) –Sale of Kashmir at 75Lakh Nanak Shahi rupees ·         3 provinces-Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh along with Gilgit ·         8 districts were created ·         Kashmir province was divided into 2 districts & Jammu into 4 while Ladakh & Gilgit were two frontier districts		·         Crime rate suppressed ruthlessly ·         Reformed beggar system ·         Founded Dharmarth trust ·         Reformed  beggar system ( forced labour)	·         Died in 1857 ·         Built forts
Ranbir singh 1857-85		Divided Jammu & Kashmir province  into 7 & 6 wazarts respectively. Sadar Adalats -1 at Jammu & 1 at Kashmir were established RPC-Ranbir Penal Code –criminal code introduced Fixed rate for Land Revenue Valley map prepared Astore, Gilgit & Hunza were conquered & included in JK territory	·         Opened Maktabs & pathshalas ·         Estd. Research & Translation Bureau- Daarul Tarjunah	BC Road ( Banihal –cart Road) now jammu-srinagar Highway Rawalpindi-Srinagar road was constructed Telegraph links were set up between Jammu & Kashmir Raghunath Temple complex Ranbireshvaram temple(biggest shiva temple in North India)
Partap singh 1885-1925		Municipal committees were formed for Jammu & Kashmir Department of –Mining, Agriculture,  were set up	Pratap College at Srinagar-1905 Jammu prince of Wales college -1908 1874- Govt. school Mission school by Rev. Doxey in 1881. Forced labour( Begar system) was abolished	BC Road thrown open for Public in 1922 Sialkot-Jammu railway line -1890 Canals- partap, upper Jhelum, Ranbir , ujh . Water reservoir at Harwan HEPP at Mohra in 1907
Hari singh 1925-47		First Legislature in 1934 –with PM & ministers appointed by Assembly comprising of 75 members called Praja Sabha Instrument of Accession ( 26 Oct. 1946) of state to India	Compulsory Primary education act Law prohibiting child marriage Law on immoral traffic in women Ban on polyandry JK bank estd. 1938 High court -1929 Issued state subject status to residents of the state.	Went into voluntary exile in June 1947 & passed away at Bombay on April 26, 1961

Important & Extra facts  :-

1. 16 March 1846 is called Red Letter day in history of J&K
2. Treaty of Amritsar was notoriously called as sale of Kashmir
3. Gulab singh actually acquired Kashmir on 9^th Nov 1846
4. Diwan Moti Ram was first Governor of Sikh rule & Shiekh Imam –ud-din was 10^th & last governor of Kashmir
5. Ranbir singh a patron of art & letters, encouraged research & collection of a good library of Sanskrit & Persian manuscripts
6. Sheikh Abdullah the founder of NC  ( Sher-e-Kashmir) agitated against rule  of Maharaja Hari singh & urged self-rule for Kashmir.
7. Gulab singh was founder of new town at Purmandal
8. During Dogra rule- silk worm seeds were imported from China to improve silk making
9. In 1952 the Monarchy was abolished in the state of J&K
10. 26 jan 1957 , the constitution of J&K became enforceable in the state
11. Karan singh was first Governor of J&k state

History is what we will create that was past performance. What we will be that is present situation ‘