MODERN HISTORY OF JK @JKSSB_JKUT

MODERN HISTORY OF J&K (1752-1947)

• AFGHAN/PATHAN RULE-1752-1819 AD 
• SIKH RULE                          1819-1846AD 
• DOGRA RULE                     1846-1947 AD

  

  Administrative -J&K -Now with UT J&K +UT Ladakh 

• EMERGENCE OF J&K STATE AS A  STATE OF INDIAN UNION

AFGHAN/PATHAN RULE-1752-1819AD:- 67 years of Darkest period 

• In 1752, Mir Muqim & Khwaja Zahir Dedmari- the two kashmiri nobleman   met Ahmad Shah Abdali Durrani of kabul (commander of Nadir Shah) , who was at Lahore.
• At their request , he sent army , headed by Abdullah Khan Ishaq Aqashi to Kashmir , with defeat of Mughals governor( -Abdul Qasim-15 days battle) , Afghan rule was established.Ist Governor was Abdullah khan for 6 months 
• In 1753 AD , Raja Jiwan Mal & Abdul Hassan Bandey with help from Delhi , declared themselves independent of Kabul & ruled from 1754-1762 AD 
• In 1762AD , Raja Jiwan mal was defeated by Durrani 
• In 1765 AD , Noor -ud-din Bamizai & Buland Khan were next governors. During the second tenure , Noor -ud-din faced a murder of Mir Muqim . He had to leave kabul to explain his position & let the charge with his nephew Jan Mohd. 
• In 1767AD, Mir muquim's son Faqirullah ruled for 11 months till 1768 AD 
• In 1768 AD , there was chaos in kashmir as no one was seemed to be incharge , Nur-ud-din Bamizai was sent for third till , he rued for next 2 years, till Khurram Khan was sent to replace him.
• In 1772 AD , Durani died , the uncertain dismissal made situation even worse as the subedars(amirs) ruthless looted people mercilessly. Thus later on , the Pathan rule came to end, it was known as the period of ruthless looting people & cruel rulers. Due to terror of Afghan rule , two Kashmiri, Pt. Birbal Dhar & Rajakak Dhar invited Maharaja Ranjit Singh to conquer Kashmir. The Maharaja ranjit Singh sent 30000 sikh soliders in 1819 AD to conquer Kashmir. 

SIKH RULE 1891-1846 AD 

• After defeat of Afghan , Sikh established their rule in Kashmir from 1819 to 1846 AD . The first governor was DIWAN MOTI RAM & last governor was Shiekh Imam-ud -din . 
• In 1839 AD , sudden dismissal of Ranjit singh weaken Sikh rule in Kashmir 
• in 1845-46- First Anglo-Sikh war further weakened position of Sikh rule, Lahore was captured by EIC & clearly the position of Kashmir was worsen.
•  Sikh Army chief Gulab Singh Dogra decided to annex Kashmir thus started a new rule in valley . 

DOGRA RULE :- 1846- 1947 

• Maharaja Gulab Singh 1846- 56  

• Maharaja Ranbir singh 1857-84

• Maharaja Partap singh 1885-1925

• Maharaja Hari Singh 1925-47 

Dogra rulers (1846-1947)	Administrative /Political reforms		Social & Educational reforms	Others
Gulab Singh 1846-57	·         First princely state J&K was created (2nd largest princely state in British India) ·         Treaty of Amritsar(16March1846-Red letter Day ) –Sale of Kashmir at 75Lakh Nanak Shahi rupees ·         3 provinces-Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh along with Gilgit ·         8 districts were created ·         Kashmir province was divided into 2 districts & Jammu into 4 while Ladakh & Gilgit were two frontier districts		·         Crime rate suppressed ruthlessly ·         Reformed beggar system ·         Founded Dharmarth trust ·         Reformed  beggar system ( forced labour)	·         Died in 1857 ·         Built forts
Ranbir singh 1857-85		Divided Jammu & Kashmir province  into 7 & 6 wazarts respectively. Sadar Adalats -1 at Jammu & 1 at Kashmir were established RPC-Ranbir Penal Code –criminal code introduced Fixed rate for Land Revenue Valley map prepared Astore, Gilgit & Hunza were conquered & included in JK territory	·         Opened Maktabs & pathshalas ·         Estd. Research & Translation Bureau- Daarul Tarjunah	BC Road ( Banihal –cart Road) now jammu-srinagar Highway Rawalpindi-Srinagar road was constructed Telegraph links were set up between Jammu & Kashmir Raghunath Temple complex Ranbireshvaram temple(biggest shiva temple in North India)
Partap singh 1885-1925		Municipal committees were formed for Jammu & Kashmir Department of –Mining, Agriculture,  were set up	Pratap College at Srinagar-1905 Jammu prince of Wales college -1908 1874- Govt. school Mission school by Rev. Doxey in 1881. Forced labour( Begar system) was abolished	BC Road thrown open for Public in 1922 Sialkot-Jammu railway line -1890 Canals- partap, upper Jhelum, Ranbir , ujh . Water reservoir at Harwan HEPP at Mohra in 1907
Hari singh 1925-47		First Legislature in 1934 –with PM & ministers appointed by Assembly comprising of 75 members called Praja Sabha Instrument of Accession ( 26 Oct. 1946) of state to India	Compulsory Primary education act Law prohibiting child marriage Law on immoral traffic in women Ban on polyandry JK bank estd. 1938 High court -1929 Issued state subject status to residents of the state.	Went into voluntary exile in June 1947 & passed away at Bombay on April 26, 1961

Important & Extra facts  :-

1. 16 March 1846 is called Red Letter day in history of J&K
2. Treaty of Amritsar was notoriously called as sale of Kashmir
3. Gulab singh actually acquired Kashmir on 9^th Nov 1846
4. Diwan Moti Ram was first Governor of Sikh rule & Shiekh Imam –ud-din was 10^th & last governor of Kashmir
5. Ranbir singh a patron of art & letters, encouraged research & collection of a good library of Sanskrit & Persian manuscripts
6. Sheikh Abdullah the founder of NC  ( Sher-e-Kashmir) agitated against rule  of Maharaja Hari singh & urged self-rule for Kashmir.
7. Gulab singh was founder of new town at Purmandal
8. During Dogra rule- silk worm seeds were imported from China to improve silk making
9. In 1952 the Monarchy was abolished in the state of J&K
10. 26 jan 1957 , the constitution of J&K became enforceable in the state
11. Karan singh was first Governor of J&k state

History is what we will create that was past performance. What we will be that is present situation ‘