Medieval History Of J&K( 855- 1752 AD)

CHAPTER 2 

Medieval History of J&K 

• Medieval history is the period of many unpredictable changes , rulers & dynasties. 
•  Hindus , Muslims as well as Mughals were rulers. 
• It was period from 855-1752 AD that is from Utpala to Mughals 

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Rulers & Dynasties:-

1.Utpala Dynasty (855- 939 AD)

2.Brahminic Rule ( 939-948 AD)

3.Gupta Rule  ( 948-1003 AD)

4.Lohara Dynsaty ( 1003-1171 AD)  

5.Deva Dynasty (1171-1339 AD)

6.Shah Mir Dynasty (1339-1555AD)

7.Chak Dynasty (1555-1586 AD ) 

8.Mughals (1587-1752AD)

UTPALA DYNASTY (855-939 AD ) :-

Founder :- Avantivarnam ( 855-883AD) in 855AD
Avantivarnam- founded Avantipora ( as Capital )  & also established two temples(Shiva & Vishnu) 
During his reign, Suyya ( Famous Engineer of Kashmir) founded Suyyapur( Sopore) .
Other rulers- Shankar Varnam> Sugandha> Partha> Nirajita Varnam> shambhu Varnam> Chandra varnam > Unmatta Vanti 
Unmatta Vanti was last ruler of Utpala dynasty(937-939 AD) 

BRAHMINIC RULE( 939-948 AD) :-

• Yashaskara(939-948AD) ascended the throne of Kashmir in 939 AD 
• during his reign a Math( hospice-refers to Dharamshala) was built for the students of India , who came to kashmir for studies.

Sangrama deva (948AD):- He was murdered by the minister Parvagupta 

GUPTA RULE(948- 1003 AD) :-

Founder:- Pravagupta(948-950 AD) 

Kshema Gupta(950-958 AD) - married the daughter of Lohara King, Princess Didda. 

Dida Queen Mother ( 958-980 AD)

Dida( 980-1003 AD)- She was real ruler of Gupta dynasty . She built many temples , monasteries in the state & provided an able administration. She was last ruler of Gupta dynasty 

PravaGupta> Kshema Gupta > Dida Queen Mother> Dida

LOHARA DYNASTY ( 1003- 1171 AD) :-

Founder :- Sangrama Raja- (s/o of Udairaj( brother of Dida) ) 

Sangrama raj > Avanta> kalasa> Harsha> Sussala> Jayasimha> parmanudeva> vantia Deva

Vantia deva was last ruler of Lohara Dynasty.

Kahlana completed his text book Rajatarangani (1148-1150AD) during reign of Jaisimha (1128-55) 

DEVA DYNASTY ( 1171-1339 AD) :-

It had 11 rulers 

Jassaka> Jagadeva> Rajadeva> Sangramadeva> Ramadeva> lakshmana deva> sangramachandra> Suhadeva> Richina> udyanandeva> Kota Rani 

During reign of Suhadeva(1301-20) , kashmir invaded by a Tratar chief (Mongol), DULUCHA , from central Asia.He fled away

Rinchin, the Ladakhi/Tibetan ruled Kashmir from 1320-23AD. 

He married Ramachandra daughter Kota Rani & had a son , Haider by Kota Rani 

Rinchin was first Muslim ruler of Kashmir & changed his name as "sultan Sadr-ud-din" .

After Rinchin death in 1323AD, Kota rani married Udyanan deva  , who ruled kashmir till 1338 AD. on second Husband's death, Shah Mir( lieutenant of Rinchin) offered marriage proposal to Kota rani, but she refused & herself ruled for next 5 months till 1339 AD.After  her death , shah Mir ascended to throne as King 

kota Rani was last king of Deva dynasty 

Shah Mir Dynasty ( 1339- 1555 AD) :-

It had about 18 rulers 

Founder:- Shah Mir titled as" sultan shama-ud-din'. In this period Islam established in kashmir.

Notable rulers:- Shihab-ud-din, zain-ud-Abidin 

sultan Habib shah was the last ruler 

Shihab-ud-din :- was one of the best after Lalitaditya( also K/a Lalitaditya of Medieval kashmir).Founded city Shibab-ud-din pora ( shadipora) 

Zain -ul-Abidin:- ( Badshah) he got two greatest monumemts , the Khanqah-e-Mualla & the Jama Masjid as well as Khanqah -e-Faiz Panah of Tral.  

Jonaraj & his disciple Srivara pandita wrote Dvitiya Rajatarangini & Jaina ot Trityia Rajatarangini respectively 

Royal Kitchen ( Jogi Lanker ) for Hindu Pilgrims at Rainwari,Srinagar was opened.

He built-Nowshaderi, zainapaur, Zainkut & zainagir. 

First wooden bridge constructed- Zainakadal

Chak Dynasty ( 1555-1586 AD) :-

It had 6 rulers 

Sultan Ghazi Chak(Founder)> Hussain shah> Yusuf shah> Sayyid Mubarak Shah> Lohar shah Chak> Yaqub Shah Chak(last ruler) 

Originally belonged to country of Dards i,e Dardistan (Gilgit Hunza region) but settled in kashmir in the time of Shah Mir. 

They successfully resist Babur & Humayan but failed to resist Akbar. Yaqub Shah Chak tried to resist the Mughal army but defeated by army , under Qasim khan at Haripura. This , the Mughals rule was established in kashmir.

Mughals ( 1587-1752 AD) :- 

10 rulers 

Akbar> jahangir> shahjanhan> Aurangzeb> Bahadur shah> Farrakh siyar> Mullah Abdul Nabi> Abdul samad khan> muhamad shah> Afrasiyub khan 

 Akbar :- 1590 Ad built Hari-parbat Fort in srinagar 

Built new town Nagar-magar

Jahangir :- Visited 13 times in kashmir

Built gardens:-Nishat bagh, Shalimar bagh on the bank of dal river 

Also Achabal & verinag Garden

Introduced Chinar into kashmir

Shah jahan:-

Built :- Chashme shahi garden , pari mahal 

Aurangzeb :- visited only once in kashmir

His reign was period of revolts, anarchy, disorder & islamization 

He appointed 11 governors in succession - first one was a kashmiri - Mir Inayatullah 

other mughals are incapable rulers and thus, lost huge empire & kashmir as well 

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